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The molecular biogeography of the Indo-Pacific: testing hypotheses with multispecies genetic patterns
Crandall, E.D.; Riginos, C.; Bird, C.E.; Liggins, L.; Treml, E.; Beger, M.; Barber, P.H.; Connolly, S.R.; Cowman, P.F.; Dibattista, J.D.; Eble, J.A.; Magnuson, S.F.; Horne, J.B.; Kochzius, M.; Lessios, H.A.; Liu, S.-Y.V.; Ludt, W.B.; Madduppa, H.; Pandolfi, J.M.; Toonen, R.J.; Diversity Indopacific Network; Gaither, M.R. (2019). The molecular biogeography of the Indo-Pacific: testing hypotheses with multispecies genetic patterns. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 28(7): 943-960. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.12905
In: Global Ecology and Biogeography. Blackwell Science: Oxford. ISSN 1466-822X; e-ISSN 1466-8238, more
Peer reviewed article  
Available in  Authors 
Keyword
    Marine/Coastal
Author keywords
    analysis of molecular variance; biogeographic provinces; biogeographicrealms; comparative phylogeography; discordance; dispersal;distance-based redundancy analysis
Authors  Top 
  • Crandall, E.D.
  • Riginos, C.
  • Bird, C.E.
  • Liggins, L.
  • Treml, E.
  • Beger, M.
  • Barber, P.H.
  • Connolly, S.R.
  • Cowman, P.F.
  • Dibattista, J.D.
  • Eble, J.A.
  • Magnuson, S.F.
  • Horne, J.B.
  • Kochzius, M., more
  • Lessios, H.A.
  • Liu, S.-Y.V.
  • Ludt, W.B.
  • Madduppa, H.
  • Pandolfi, J.M.
  • Toonen, R.J.
  • Diversity Indopacific Network
  • Gaither, M.R.
Abstract
    Aim

    To test hypothesized biogeographic partitions of the tropical Indo‐Pacific Ocean with phylogeographic data from 56 taxa, and to evaluate the strength and nature of barriers emerging from this test.

    Location

    The Indo‐Pacific Ocean.

    Time period

    Pliocene through the Holocene.

    Major taxa studied

    Fifty‐six marine species.

    Methods

    We tested eight biogeographic hypotheses for partitioning of the Indo‐Pacific using a novel modification to analysis of molecular variance. Putative barriers to gene flow emerging from this analysis were evaluated for pairwise ΦST, and these ΦST distributions were compared to distributions from randomized datasets and simple coalescent simulations of vicariance arising from the Last Glacial Maximum. We then weighed the relative contribution of distance versus environmental or geographic barriers to pairwise ΦST with a distance‐based redundancy analysis (dbRDA).

    Results

    We observed a diversity of outcomes, although the majority of species fit a few broad biogeographic regions. Repeated coalescent simulation of a simple vicariance model yielded a wide distribution of pairwise ΦST that was very similar to empirical distributions observed across five putative barriers to gene flow. Three of these barriers had median ΦST that were significantly larger than random expectation. Only 21 of 52 species analysed with dbRDA rejected the null model. Among these, 15 had overwater distance as a significant predictor of pairwise ΦST, while 11 were significant for geographic or environmental barriers other than distance.

    Main conclusions

    Although there is support for three previously described barriers, phylogeographic discordance in the Indo‐Pacific Ocean indicates incongruity between processes shaping the distributions of diversity at the species and population levels. Among the many possible causes of this incongruity, genetic drift provides the most compelling explanation: given massive effective population sizes of Indo‐Pacific species, even hard vicariance for tens of thousands of years can yield ΦST values that range from 0 to nearly 0.5.

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